DH2025 - Digital Heritage International Congress 2025

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Bringing Stones to Life: The First Digital 3D Library of Ancient Armenian Gravestones
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Andrianov, Aleksei; Muradyan, Garegin; Andrianova, Zhanna; Sarvazyan, Narine; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
We report the creation of a high-resolution 3D digital libraries of khachkars and tapanakars, ornately carved gravestones that offer a rare glimpse into the daily lives of ordinary Armenians during the Middle Ages. Khachkars are vertical stelae bearing ornate crosses and geometric motifs, while tapanakars feature a pyramidal form adorned with various everyday scenes such as horseback riding, dancing, trading, and communal feasting. Centuries of physical and environmental stress have threatened these carvings and no 3D digital records of them currently exist. Using photogrammetry and LiDAR scanning technologies, we have created fully rotatable 3D digital twins of over 70 tapanakars and 150 khachkars with the millimeter-level precision. These models capture the intricate carvings and iconography that traditional photography often misses, especially on weathered or lichen-covered surfaces. We also developed image processing steps to help convert barely visible carvings into their linear outlines enabling future epigraphic interpretation and the use of machine learning algorithms. Two dedicated websites have been created to make these 3D libraries publicly accessible and to allow scholars, students, and enthusiasts worldwide to explore their cultural and artistic significance across different interdisciplinary projects. These unique collections offer a valuable dataset for image processing and computer vision studies, such as pattern recognition, feature extraction, and 3D modeling techniques. Beyond academic use, this resource has potential applications in education, virtual exhibitions, and cultural tourism promoting Armenian cultural heritage on an international scale.
From HBIM to Digital Twins: An Interoperable Framework for Semantic Knowledge Integration and Dynamic Monitoring of Historic Buildings
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Becker, Sabrina; Niño, Laura Valderrama; Rüppel, Uwe; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) has established itself as a promising approach for the digital documentation and management of cultural heritage. However, there remain fundamental challenges in terms of semantic depth, interoperability, and the dynamic updatability of such models. This paper proposes a multi-layered framework that integrates a geometry-based HBIM model with ontological knowledge representation, external linked data sources, and sensor-based monitoring. Based on open standards such as IFC, ifcOWL, and CIDOC CRM, a concept for a semantically enriched digital twin is developed, which processes both static information and dynamic environmental and condition data. The framework enables context-based analyses, predictive conservation strategies, and promotes interdisciplinary collaboration. Using a prototype framework, methodological advantages, technological challenges, and future development fields are discussed. The paper thus contributes an integrative impulse to the further development of data-driven, sustainable heritage conservation within the context of digital cultural heritage infrastructures.
A Summarization and Analysis of Methodologies for Creating Interactive and Lifelike Historical Characters Based on MetaHuman
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Yuan, Victor; Miller, Alan; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
Virtual characters have long held promise as pedagogical tools in heritage education, particularly for creating immersive interactions with historical figures. Researchers have envisioned systems capable of emulating these figures, enabling users to engage in life-like, face-to-face dialogues over time. While technological constraints historically limited such applications, recent advancements in computational graphics and language models have now made them viable. This paper presents a frame- work for constructing interactive virtual character systems, outlining their core components through two critical dimensions: photorealism and interaction. The photorealism dimension leverages modern graphics tools to achieve high-fidelity visual rep- resentation, while the interaction dimension utilizes language models to enable socially believable and contextually responsive dialogue. We examine the necessity of each component and analyze available technological solutions with their respective trade-offs. Beyond the technical framework, we discuss potential future improvements and address ethical and practical con- cerns inherent to such systems. By synthesizing current technologies and their applicability, this work provides institutions with practical guidance for developing customized interactive systems that balance functionality with cost-efficiency.
3D Autonomous Agents for Virtual Heritage
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Hegarty, Zackary; Guidi, Gabriele; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
This paper presents a novel methodology for integrating agent-based modeling (ABM) into virtual heritage, with a focus on simulating human behavior within philologically grounded 3D reconstructions of ancient spaces. Whereas traditional digital heritage projects have prioritized visual accuracy in architectural reconstructions, our approach introduces an experimental dimension by treating these virtual environments as testbeds for behavioral hypotheses. Drawing on advances in complex systems research, we propose a simulation framework that leverages symbolic artificial intelligence to generate emergent crowd behaviors under diverse historical, architectural, and social conditions. We outline a general methodological workflow for implementing ABM in virtual heritage using Unity3D with any reconstructive 3D model, and we illustrate this approach with examples from a previously published case study. This work contributes to the growing field of simulation-based research, promoting the use of complexity theory methodologies as a valuable epistemological tool in cultural heritage scholarship.
A Scan-to-BIM Approach for the Preservation of the Architectural and Archaeological Heritage: the Digitisation of the Complex of San Nicolò Regale in Mazara del Vallo (Italy)
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Aricò, Manuela; Guardia, Marcello La; Brutto, Mauro Lo; Mineo, Giorgio; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
In recent years, Built Heritage (BH) management has greatly benefited from advances in digital survey technologies and the application of Building Information Modelling (BIM) processes for digitisation and preservation purposes. The integration of range-based (static and mobile) and image-based (aerial and terrestrial) survey techniques enables the creation of comprehensive 3D geospatial datasets for BIM modelling. This study presents the Heritage BIM (HBIM) digitisation of an architectural and archaeological complex in Mazara del Vallo (Italy). The site includes two assets: the 12th-century Arab-Norman church of San Nicolò Regale and the remains of a late Roman domus (3rd-4th century C.E.) beneath it, featuring polychrome mosaic floors. This digitisation aimed to provide exhaustive and detailed geometric documentation and create an accurate digital model for conservation and management purposes. Data acquisition combined mobile and static laser scanning with close-range photogrammetry. The final model was obtained through a Scan-to-BIM approach for the church and an integrated Scan-to-Mesh-to-BIM approach for the domus, ensuring accurate representation of both architectural and archaeological elements. This methodology serves as a reference for digitising and preserving similar heritage sites.
Identification of Violin Reduction via Contour Lines Classification
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Beghin, Philémon; Ceulemans, Anne-Emmanuelle; Glineur, François; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
The first violins date back to the end of the 16th century in Italy. For around 200 years, these instruments have spread throughout Europe and luthiers of various royal courts, eager to experiment with new techniques, created a highly diverse family of instruments. In an attempt to normalise violins for European orchestras and conservatories, size standards were imposed around 1750. Instruments that fell between two standards were then reduced to a smaller size by luthiers. These reductions have an impact on several characteristics of violins, in particular on the contour lines, i.e. lines of constant altitude as measured from a reference plane between the violin plates, which look more like a 'U' for non reduced instruments and a 'V' for reduced ones. Those differences between (un)reduced violins have been observed empirically but to our knowledge no quantitative study has been carried out on the subject. In this paper, we aim at developing a tool for classifying violin contour lines in order to distinguish reduced instruments from non reduced instruments. We study a corpus of 25 instruments whose 3D geometric meshes have been acquired via photogrammetry. For each instrument, we sample contour lines at 10-20 levels, regularly spaced every millimetre. Each contour line is fitted with a parabola-like curve (with an equation of the type $y = \alpha |x|^\beta$) depending on two parameters, describing how open ($\beta$) and how vertically stretched ($\alpha$) the curve is. We compute additional features from those parameters, using regressions and counting how many values fall under some threshold. We also deal with outliers and non equal numbers of levels, and eventually obtain a numerical profile for each instrument. We then applied different learning techniques on those profiles to determine whether instruments can be classified solely according to their geometry. We find that distinguishing between reduced and non reduced instruments is feasible to some degree, taking into account that a whole spectrum of more or less transformed violins exists, for which it is more difficult to quantify the reduction. We also find the opening parameter $\beta$ to be the most predictive.
Artificial Intelligence and Cultural Heritage in Practice: exploring approaches to operationalising values, law, and responsible openness
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Foka, Anna; Murphy, Oonagh; Sichani, Anna-Maria; Westenberger, Paula; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
This panel explores the intersection of Artificial Intelligence and cultural heritage, drawing on interdisciplinary insights from legal experts, digital humanists, and cultural professionals. Framed around values-based practice, legal compliance, and responsible openness, it addresses urgent questions around AI policy, regulatory uncertainty, ethical data reuse, and sector-specific strategies. Grounded in current research and practice, the session seeks to foster critical, cross-sector dialogue and inform responsible AI adoption in the cultural heritage field.
Infrared Reflectography of the Madonna con Bambino, San Pietro Martire e San Giovannino by Lorenzo Lotto
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Improta, Ilaria; Marra, Maristella; Vitulli, Sara; Zaccaria, Alessia; Peluso, Sabrina; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
This study presents the results of the diagnostic imaging analyses conducted on the panel painting Madonna con Bambino, San Pietro Martire e San Giovannino by Lorenzo Lotto, specifically infrared (IR) reflectography and false-color infrared (IRFC) imaging. These investigations allowed for the examination of the layers beneath the pictorial surface and provided preliminary insights into the pigments employed by the artist. Infrared reflectography revealed previously unseen images of the underdrawing, uncovering significant compositional changes. False-colour infrared imaging contributed to the reconstruction of the artist's palette, confirming the use of high-quality pigments, indicative of a prestigious commission. The integration of non-invasive diagnostic techniques and historical-artistic research provided essential insights into the artist's painting method, contributing - through a multidisciplinary approach - to the interpretation of the first dated artwork within Lorenzo Lotto's pictorial corpus.
Text2Autochrome: Text guided autochrome synthesis using generative models
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Kühn, Paul Julius; Sinha, Saptarshi Neil; Nguyen, Duc Anh; Horst, Robin; Kuijper, Arjan; Fellner, Dieter W.; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
Autochrome is an early color photography technique that is highly sensitive and prone to deterioration, limiting their public display. A limited collection of digitized autochromes exists, often with defects due to their fragile nature. We applied generative AI methods, specifically Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), to fine-tune diffusion models, enabling efficient use of computational resources. Our curated dataset of vintage digitized autochromes showcased various styles and served as the basis for training the LoRA model, resulting in the generation of digitized autochromes that preserved the original color filter effects and characteristic granularity. By leveraging generative AI, we can utilize the multi-modal capabilities of the model, allowing each user to generate images through concept-based prompts. This approach empowers users to creatively interact with the model, producing personalized images while maintaining the historical color fidelity and structure of autochromes. This capability also enables us to generate defect-free autochromes, which can be utilized for synthetic training in autochrome restoration efforts. We evaluated our approach using the CLIPScore metric for quantitative similarity and conducted a user study for qualitative feedback on the generated images. Our results show that the fine-tuned LoRA model effectively captures the essence of autochromes, producing visually appealing images that respect the historical aesthetic. Considering the potential for misinterpretation and ethical concerns surrounding text-to-image methods using deep learning with historical photographs, we are committed to enhancing transparency by releasing our model weights and training datasets, thereby empowering the community to better understand, evaluate, and address these important issues. Further we release an interactive demo together with the fine-tuned weights available via huggingface.
Promoting Positive Attitudes Through Narrative-Driven Digital Heritage Games
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Kolek, Lukáš; Šosvald, David; Flores, Fernanda; Halilovic, Jasminko; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
Video games offer new ways to engage audiences with cultural heritage beyond traditional museum settings. However, can video games authentically replicate the narrative depth of museum experiences while promoting the positive attitudinal impacts museums seek to achieve? This study investigates whether a narrative-driven video game, We Grew Up in War, inspired by historical research and curatorial practice can positively influence players' attitudes towards the depicted topics. The game employs complementary multiperspectivity, a storytelling strategy that presents different but thematically aligned perspectives focused on the topics of refugees and migration. Using a pretest-posttest design with experimental and control groups (n = 116), we measured both explicit and implicit attitude changes. Results show that players who played the game exhibited significantly more positive explicit attitudes than those in the control group (d = 0.33, p = .037). Implicit attitudes did not significantly differ between groups. A more detailed analysis showed that there was a statistically significant change in players' affective responses between the pretest and posttest, whereas no such significant change was observed in the cognitive or behavioral components of explicit attitudes. Despite using a short prototype of the game (approx. 23 minutes), these findings suggest that video games can be effectively employed in promoting cultural heritage and attitude change to wide audiences across geographical boundaries.
Smart Collection Ingestion in the European Cultural Heritage Cloud: Toward Scalable, Semantically Enriched, Interoperable Cataloguing
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Ongaro, Paolo; Minelli, Sam Habibi; Duranti, Daniele; Poli, Naomi; Rossi, Martina; Ugoletti, Daniele; Saccoccio, Rubino; Raggioli, Alberto; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
This paper introduces the Collection Ingestion Tool (CIT), a modular and standards-compliant component within the ECHOES European Collaborative Cloud for Cultural Heritage (ECCCH). Designed to support scalable, interoperable, and semantically enriched cataloguing, the CIT addresses the pressing needs of cultural institutions-particularly small and medium-sized ones-facing technological, organizational, and multilingual barriers in metadata management. The CIT empowers curators, researchers, and archivists to ingest, annotate, and publish cultural datasets with enhanced discoverability and interoperability integrating advanced tools for NLP and AI-powered metadata enrichment, support for Heritage Digital Representations (HDRs) (e.g. 2D/3D and associated data, metadata and paradata) asset management, and alignment with heritage metadata standards. Built atop the ECHOES infrastructure, the tool benefits from shared services such as identity management, storage, and a federated Knowledge Base compatible with Heritage Digital Representations (HDRs) principles. Through a practical workflow scenario and alignment with FAIR and LOD principles, the paper demonstrates how the CIT enables cross-domain reuse, multilingual access, and enriched user experiences while fostering sustainability and community integration across Europe's heritage sector.
Rome Reborn: Status Report and Future of the Project
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Frischer, Bernard; Abdelaziz, Mohamed; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
Rome Reborn is an international initiative launched in 1996 to create a digital model of ancient Rome as it may have appeared in 320 CE. The model serves two primary purposes: as a visual resource for virtual tours and as a tool for ''simpirical'' research-a hybrid method combining simulation and empiricism. We trace the development of the model through its four major versions and explain the historical and technological factors that shaped its evolution. We also outline ongoing work, including a final report situating the project within the history of visualizing ancient Rome and the creation of an online database documenting the evidence and decisions behind the reconstruction.
Reconstructing Gladiator Combat: A Multisensory Virtual Reality Training Environment
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Gaugne, Ronan; Salvan, Stéphane; Cazuc, Ewen; Gouranton, Valérie; Pontonnier, Charles; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
This study presents a research project focused on designing, implementing, and evaluating a multisensory virtual environment to simulate gladiatorial training. The aim is to analyze how immersive experiences impact the acquisition and refinement of technical skills in armed singular dueling. Conducted collaboratively by teams in virtual reality, biomechanics, and history, the project developed a historically contextualized environment centered on the provocator, a specific gladiator type. The virtual environment allows users to train in typical offensive maneuvers, offering a testbed for hypotheses about Roman combat and the effects of external conditions on performance. It serves as both a historical reconstruction tool and an experimental platform for studying ancient martial techniques. Built on rigorous historical and visual research, it uses motion capture technology to accurately recreate combat sequences, enhancing the authenticity and educational value of the simulation. A key contribution of this work lies in advancing the study of gladiatorial techniques, an area often distorted by popular culture. By integrating passive haptic and auditory feedback, the environment enhances sensory immersion, contributing to a deeper and more accurate understanding of gladiatorial practices. This multisensory approach not only supports the preservation of ancient techniques but also sheds light on the physical and cognitive demands faced by historical fighters. Ultimately, this research bridges disciplines-combining historical scholarship, biomechanics, and virtual reality-to offer an innovative way of exploring Roman gladiatorial training. The findings may inform broader discussions on the role of immersive technologies in skill development and historical interpretation within virtual environments.
Heritage 5.0 - How emerging technologies can support SMEs innovation in Cultural Heritage
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Apicerni, Valentina; Liaci, Silvia; Gravagnuolo, Antonia; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
This paper examines the adoption of emerging technologies by SMEs in the Cultural and Creative Industries (CCI) and Tourism sectors through the lens of Industry 5.0. Based on survey data and interviews with three European SMEs, the study identifies key needs and barriers related to digital transformation. While enterprises show strong interest in technologies such as AI, XR, and smart platforms to enhance customer experience and operational efficiency, they face persistent challenges including limited funding, digital skill gaps, and strategic uncertainty. The results highlight the relevance of Industry 5.0 principles-human-centricity, resilience, and sustainability-as a guiding framework for the heritage sector's transition toward more inclusive and meaningful innovation.
Beyond Street Signs: Ethical and Situated Cultural Storytelling using AI and Extended Reality
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Toumpouri, Marina; Constantinides, Marios; Milata, Václav; Ppali, Sophia; Alexopoulos, Lampros; Liarokapis, Fotis; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
Honorific street names that commemorate historical figures, events, or cultural symbols constitute a frequently overlooked, yet symbolically potent layer of urban heritage. Beyond their practical function in navigation and spatial organization, they also encode ideological narratives into public space that shape collective memory and identity. However, they often go unnoticed, while traditional cultural heritage (CH) tools do not engage with their contested meanings, particularly in politically divided urban landscapes. This paper addresses this gap by exploring how the integration of extended reality (XR) and artificial intelligence (AI) can reanimate toponymic inscriptions into dynamic, context-sensitive forms of storytelling. Focusing on the center of Nicosia, Cyprus, we present an intelligent tourist guide that combines mobile XR, conversational AI, and lifelike avatars to deliver personalized, multilingual narratives, at the sites of honorific street names. We conclude by discussing the ethical challenges of algorithmic memory mediation in contested urban spaces and we argue that such systems, when designed responsibly, can foster critical engagement, pluralistic representation, and new forms of civic pedagogy within the domain of CH.
Straniere: a Digital Archive on the Reception of non-European Arts and Cultures in Italy (1945-2000)
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Toschi, Caterina; Pinto, Livia de; Maglione, Biancalucia; Zanone, Rachele; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
The short paper will present the results of the project entitled ''Straniere: the reception of non-European arts and cultures in Italy (1945-2000)'' (PI: Caterina Toschi). The project aims to examine the different visual, critical and exhibition readings that have been produced in Italy of non-Western arts, investigating some case studies inherent to the history of the market, exhibitions, publications, artistic and photographic research that have presented non-Western works and artifacts or have absorbed their characters, thus introducing in Italy new interpretative and representative paradigms of these ''foreign'' arts. The main milestone, and thus the main goal of the project, is a digital archive, in collaboration with CNR ISTI and Artificial Intelligence for Media and Humanities (AIMH), in which visual and textual sources documenting forms of reading, interpretation, paraphrase or presentation in Italy of non-European arts and cultures from 1945 to 2000 have been investigated, digitized and annotated. The short paper aims to present this scientific tool-host in the University for Foreigners of Siena's digital caveau designed and created by the company Promemoria-which is interoperable with all the archives involved in the research (Fondazione Centro Studi sull'Arte Licia e Carlo Ludovico, Cesare Brandi Photo Library at the Pinacoteca Nazionale of Siena, Fondazione Alinari per la Fotografia | FAF Toscana, CSAC - Centro Studi e Archivio della Comunicazione of the University of Parma, Archivio Luciano Caruso, Fondazione Passaré per la Promozione e lo Sviluppo delle Arti Primarie, Museo delle Civiltà of Rome, Mudec - Museo delle Culture of Milan, Museo d'Arte Cinese ed Etnografico di Parma, MUSEC - Museo delle Culture di Lugano, Musei Civici di Reggio Emilia). In accordance with the European project to create a common and interoperable web space of data for cultural heritage (European Collaborative Cloud for Cultural Heritage), the University for Foreigners of Siena has created this digital, open access archive, developed in line with the ECHOES Conceptual Model.
Monitoring Cultural Heritage in the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: The Mission and Methods of Cultural Heritage Watch (CHW)
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Smith, Adam T.; Lindsay, Ian; Khatchadourian, Lori; Ghulyan, Husik; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
This paper discusses satellite-based monitoring of cultural heritage sites in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of the South Caucasus, which for decades has been the center of a long-simmering territorial and ethnic conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Following the ceasefire that concluded the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in fall 2020, the co-authors formed CHW to address the lack of evidence- based documentation of past and present abuses of cultural heritage in this intractable conflict.
Aerial point cloud classification in archaeological scenarios
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Mazzacca, Gabriele; Cirigliano, Prospero; Remondino, Fabio; Campana, Stefano; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
LiDAR point clouds are becoming more and more used and important in archaeology for revealing ancient structures hidden below canopy. The tutorial will present how 3D semantic segmentation in aerial archaeological point clouds could support the identification of hidden structures and the interpretation of heritage scenarios.
Sun Stones Chronicles: Enriching the Bornholms Museum Brightest Artifact Collection through 3D Scanning and Semantic Web Technologies
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Lercari, Nicola; Caretta, M. Nicolás; Sartini, Bruno; Du, Yiming; Bergman, Josephine; Calderone, Dario; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
Galleries, libraries, archives, and museums increasingly rely on 3D digitization, web visualization, and 3D printing to document, analyze, and share cultural artifacts in novel ways that ensure digital preservation and engage visitors. This paper showcases how handheld structured-light 3D scanning, WebGL visualization, and semantic web technologies have been leveraged to digitize and enhance access to Denmark's cultural heritage, focusing on the Bornholms Museum collection. We have developed a streamlined digitization workflow that produces highly detailed digital twins of Neolithic artifacts from the sites of Vasagård and nearby Rispebjerg, archiving them in ways compatible with the Danish national database for archaeological heritage while utilizing the latest data curation and dissemination techniques and standards, such as WebGL visualization and FAIR principles. The significance of exploring the rich archaeological materials found at these sites located on the island of Bornholm, Denmark, lies in the fact that digitization and digital exploration enhance our understanding of the types and histories of interactions among different groups and farming communities in the Baltic, including their technology, religion, and social organization. By enriching the digital twins with symbolic and cultural interpretations and structuring data using the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model and the ICON Ontology, our results demonstrate how to successfully integrate 3D heritage datasets with other global heritage resources. This expands access to Denmark's ancient history and allows the Bornholms Museum to reach new audiences both locally and internationally.
Evaluating the Impact of Lighting Conditions on Photogrammetric Acquisition of Cultural Heritage
(The Eurographics Association, 2025) Gangi, Federico; Shafqat, Malik Umair; Guidi, Gabriele; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
Accurate documentation of cultural heritage artifacts is essential for study, conservation, and exhibition. While optimal lighting is known to minimize photogrammetric uncertainty, the quantitative impact of progressively deteriorating illumination, when compensated by ISO adjustments, remains underexplored. This study experimentally evaluates how varying ISO levels affect the geometric accuracy of dense 3D point clouds generated through Structure from Motion / Image Matching (SfM/IM). A sandstone sample, previously digitized with a high accuracy structured light scanner, served as the reference model. Three cameras of different generations were tested in a controlled darkroom, with lighting progressively reduced and exposure adjusted to maintain correct image brightness. Results reveal an unexpectedly stable measurement uncertainty across a wide ISO range (ISO 100-51,200 for the Sony α7R IV, ISO 100-6,400 for the Nikon D810, and ISO 100- 3,200 for the Canon EOS 4000D), followed by a sharp accuracy drop at the highest ISO setting of each device. While geometric accuracy remained largely unaffected within these ranges, tie point counts decreased and reprojection errors increased steadily with ISO, indicating a gradual loss of feature robustness. These findings show that modern sensors can sustain high-accuracy photogrammetry far beyond traditionally accepted ISO limits, offering practical tolerance thresholds for reliable heritage documentation under challenging lighting conditions.

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