Track 01 – Documentation, Preservation, Monitoring and Restoration

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    From HBIM to Digital Twins: An Interoperable Framework for Semantic Knowledge Integration and Dynamic Monitoring of Historic Buildings
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Becker, Sabrina; Niño, Laura Valderrama; Rüppel, Uwe; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) has established itself as a promising approach for the digital documentation and management of cultural heritage. However, there remain fundamental challenges in terms of semantic depth, interoperability, and the dynamic updatability of such models. This paper proposes a multi-layered framework that integrates a geometry-based HBIM model with ontological knowledge representation, external linked data sources, and sensor-based monitoring. Based on open standards such as IFC, ifcOWL, and CIDOC CRM, a concept for a semantically enriched digital twin is developed, which processes both static information and dynamic environmental and condition data. The framework enables context-based analyses, predictive conservation strategies, and promotes interdisciplinary collaboration. Using a prototype framework, methodological advantages, technological challenges, and future development fields are discussed. The paper thus contributes an integrative impulse to the further development of data-driven, sustainable heritage conservation within the context of digital cultural heritage infrastructures.
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    3D Autonomous Agents for Virtual Heritage
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Hegarty, Zackary; Guidi, Gabriele; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    This paper presents a novel methodology for integrating agent-based modeling (ABM) into virtual heritage, with a focus on simulating human behavior within philologically grounded 3D reconstructions of ancient spaces. Whereas traditional digital heritage projects have prioritized visual accuracy in architectural reconstructions, our approach introduces an experimental dimension by treating these virtual environments as testbeds for behavioral hypotheses. Drawing on advances in complex systems research, we propose a simulation framework that leverages symbolic artificial intelligence to generate emergent crowd behaviors under diverse historical, architectural, and social conditions. We outline a general methodological workflow for implementing ABM in virtual heritage using Unity3D with any reconstructive 3D model, and we illustrate this approach with examples from a previously published case study. This work contributes to the growing field of simulation-based research, promoting the use of complexity theory methodologies as a valuable epistemological tool in cultural heritage scholarship.
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    Infrared Reflectography of the Madonna con Bambino, San Pietro Martire e San Giovannino by Lorenzo Lotto
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Improta, Ilaria; Marra, Maristella; Vitulli, Sara; Zaccaria, Alessia; Peluso, Sabrina; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    This study presents the results of the diagnostic imaging analyses conducted on the panel painting Madonna con Bambino, San Pietro Martire e San Giovannino by Lorenzo Lotto, specifically infrared (IR) reflectography and false-color infrared (IRFC) imaging. These investigations allowed for the examination of the layers beneath the pictorial surface and provided preliminary insights into the pigments employed by the artist. Infrared reflectography revealed previously unseen images of the underdrawing, uncovering significant compositional changes. False-colour infrared imaging contributed to the reconstruction of the artist's palette, confirming the use of high-quality pigments, indicative of a prestigious commission. The integration of non-invasive diagnostic techniques and historical-artistic research provided essential insights into the artist's painting method, contributing - through a multidisciplinary approach - to the interpretation of the first dated artwork within Lorenzo Lotto's pictorial corpus.
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    Monitoring Cultural Heritage in the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: The Mission and Methods of Cultural Heritage Watch (CHW)
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Smith, Adam T.; Lindsay, Ian; Khatchadourian, Lori; Ghulyan, Husik; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    This paper discusses satellite-based monitoring of cultural heritage sites in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of the South Caucasus, which for decades has been the center of a long-simmering territorial and ethnic conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Following the ceasefire that concluded the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in fall 2020, the co-authors formed CHW to address the lack of evidence- based documentation of past and present abuses of cultural heritage in this intractable conflict.
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    Digitisation of the Plaster Casts of Lia and Rachele from the Tomb of Julius II by Michelangelo: Methodological Workflow for Data Collection and Photogrammetric Acquisition Processes
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Vaccari, Giulia; Grimaudo, Giovanni; Niccolai, Federico; Ciani, Juri; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    This article describes the process for the digitisation through photogrammetric acquisition of the plaster casts of Lia and Rachele from Julius II, located inside the Basilica of San Pietro in Vincoli, Italy. Preserved at the Academy of Fine Arts of Florence (ABAFi), these casts have historical and educational significance and are a distinctive feature of a unique institution. The study aims to develop a photogrammetric acquisition that incorporates innovative practices using accessible tools within an academic setting. A protocol has been organized into phases to plan, manage, and standardise the digitisation of ABAFi's sculptural heritage.
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    Hypothetical Reconstruction for the Conservation, Preservation and Valorisation of Cultural Heritage: the Kampanopetra Basilica in Salamis, Cyprus
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Faka, Marina; Orabi, Rahaf; Tsagka, Anastasia; Papageorgiou, Andreani; Vassallo, Valentina; Hermon, Sorin; Bakirtzis, Nikolas; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    This article describes a digital documentation and visualization project pursued by the Andreas Pittas Art Characterization (APAC) Laboratories of the Science & Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research Center (STARC) in the framework of the work of the Technical Committee for Cultural Heritage (TCCH), funded by the EU and implemented by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Cyprus. Its aim was to create a hypothetical 3D (virtual reconstruction and maquette) of the Kampanopetra basilica in ancient Salamis, one of the largest Early Christian churches in Cyprus. The basilica complex is an archaeological site excavated more than 50 years ago and in need of continuous conservation and special protection. The 3D outcome is useful to map the present state of preservation, for its future conservation and cultural valorisation. The workflow included 3D on-site documentation with image and range-based techniques combined with topographic measurements. The 3D hypothetical reconstruction model included 3 main parts, the documentation process, the authoring process and the integration of the model within the collaborative platform. The 3D reconstruction benefitted from the plans and drawings included in the archaeological report, combined with the utilization of the 3D documentation of the site along with comparative material - namely examples of contemporary basilica structures in Cyprus and the broader Eastern Mediterranean basin. The produced Reconstruction Models are hosted in two different Web Viewers, the 3D HOP and ATON. The research team pursues key questions, research problems and innovative approaches in archaeology and cultural heritage through the application of advanced science and technology and integrated expertise in humanities, digital heritage and visualisation. The hypothetical reconstruction provides a general visualization which can be used to inform the general public but also to provide the basis for its systematic and archaeologically detailed representation in the future.
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    Research on precise restoration of Thangka and Tibetan murals integrating contour drawing techniques
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Li, Mingxu; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    Chinese murals and Thangka paintings are crucial elements of traditional culture and have occupied a central position in religious practices. However, these artworks are increasingly threatened by natural deterioration and human interventions. Although current restoration methods have adopted data-driven regeneration paradigms, these models are trained to reconstruct appearances based on learned statistical patterns, yet often overlook the symbolic and semantic layers intrinsic to the artworks. In response, we propose a line-drawing guided restoration framework. Functioning as an aid rather than a substitute for human expertise, our model generates structure-preserving suggestions that assist human restorers in accurately reconstructing damaged artworks. The model employs encoders capable of capturing features from both original Thangka images and their corresponding line drawings, mapping them into a discrete latent space for further processing. Subsequently, a decoder synthesizes restored images from these fused representations, achieving faithful inpainting. Evaluation on datasets of Thangka paintings demonstrates that, compared to state-of-the-art methods, our approach achieves maximum reductions of 58.5% in MAE and 63.8% in LPIPS, coupled with SSIM improvement reaching 44.0%. These findings substantiate the efficacy of our method in preserving intricate details and improving visual coherence, supporting more faithful cultural preservation.
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    Digital tools and conservation processes: Tomaso Buzzi's staircase at Palazzo D'Azeglio in Turin
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Bonito, Gerardo; Sammartano, Giulia; Novelli, Francesco; Chiabrando, Filiberto; Patrucco, Giacomo; Li, Xinchen; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    The proposed research refers to the documentation of the grand staircase of Palazzo D'Azeglio in Turin, designed between 1953 and 1957 by the Lombard-born architect Tomaso Buzzi. The awareness of the identity value expressed by Buzzi's work makes its preservation urgent, the first step of which is the knowledge stage for a long-term conservation. The integration of historical sources and direct investigation allows for a more complete description of Buzzi's intervention, highlighting his design choices and relationship with the existing building, so as to guide future restoration work toward more conscious choices. The complexity of the object related to the geometry, the light conditions and materials and surfaces of the decorative apparatus, required an integrated methodology based on 3D metric survey with the use of advanced laser digital technologies. The topographic survey organizes the refence systems and measures a set of point coordinates to co-register and validate the accuracy of the 3D model. The 3D scanning of the space benefits from the combined use of static and mobile scanner, that has been used in the connection between the narrow spaces of the underground environments and the main volume. Through the presented workflow, as a preliminary part of the research and consultancy project, it was thus possible to analyse and describe the geometric, architectural and decorative complexity of the staircase, also in connection with historical phases of the building and archival documents and drawings related to the Buzzi's project, and providing the essential basis for subsequent studies and conservation and enhancement actions.
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    A cathedral of spatialised annotations portraying the multidisciplinary study of Notre Dame de Paris
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Roussel, Roxane; Luca, Livio De; Guillem, Anais; Comte, Florent; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    This article examines annotation in the documentation field as more than a technical feature, framing it as a structured trace of expert activity embedded in spatial, temporal, and semantic contexts. Using the large scale, multidisciplinary worksite established after the 2019-fire at Notre-Dame de Paris, as a case study, it explores how annotations function as epistemic, multiscalar, and semantically rich knowledge objects that mediate observation, interpretation, and analysis. The interdisciplinary scientific worksite provides a unique setting to test large-scale annotation practices, with hundreds of scientists from diverse disciplines converging around a shared object of study, and address challenges in tool integration, terminology, and workflows. The study focuses on semantic annotation work conducted via the aïoli platform, a web-based 3D annotation tool, analyzing a corpus of 14,000 annotations linked to over 135,000 spatialized images.
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    Hidden Heritage: The E-FORESTER Project as a New Opportunity to Search for Relics of Past Human Activities in Forests
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Rączkowski, Włodzimierz; Konatowska, Monika; Rutkowski, Paweł; Młynarczyk, Adam; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    Archaeologists frequently turn to technological solutions developed in other scientific disciplines. This enables the expansion of the methodological spectrum used at various stages of the research process. In traditional archaeological thinking, the acquisition of empirical data forms the foundation for all subsequent activities-analytical, interpretative, and conservation- related. The E-FORESTER project, launched in 2024 and primarily focused on forest environments, also opens up new perspectives for archaeology.
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    Preventive and planned conservation: an algorithm for the analysis and evaluation of degradation phenomena in Cultural Heritage
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Improta, Ilaria; Lanzara, Emanuela; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    This research presents an algorithm for the assessment of deterioration risks and the planning of preventive conservation actions. The proposed system is based on systematic collection and analysis of key parameters, including the type of support, conservation history, restoration techniques, environmental conditions and other factors that may influence the material stability of Cultural Heritage over time. The methodological approach involves several phases: data collection, risk factor analysis, assignment of reference values to each significant variable and graphic visualization of conservation status and associated risk level through chromatic gradients. The algorithm enables the calculation of an overall risk score through a weighted evaluation system that integrates mathematical equations with a scoring approach reflecting the relative importance of each parameter. Currently implemented as an Excel®-based application, the system is designed to be accessible to restorers and conservation professionals in interoperability with integrated advanced digital ecosystems/Information systems (BIM/HBIM-CAD and VPL). Visual parametric representation facilitates communication of complex information. As a dynamic and scenario-driven tool, the algorithm requires regular updates to maintain its effectiveness across varying environmental and conservation contexts. The algorithm has been tested on a sample of artworks restored and monitored over the past five years, including significant works by Titian, Lorenzo Lotto and Luca Giordano. These case studies, museum collections, historic interiors and open-air monuments, have allowed for the verification of the system's ability to detect vulnerabilities and support tailored preventive conservation strategies. All data, analyses, and results are systematically recorded and managed within a dedicated information framework to ensure traceability and continuity of conservation management. The experimental application has confirmed the validity of the structured data-driven approach in identifying critical issues, prioritizing conservation actions and supporting informed decision-making.
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    Filling the gap. The Challenge of loss and two outcomes of the Mapping Sacred Spaces Project
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Longo, Ruggero; Scirocco, Elisabetta; Gianandrea, Manuela; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    The Mapping Sacred Spaces Project addresses the reconstruction of medieval sacred architecture in Southern Italy, with a particular focus on the critical loss of liturgical furnishings and their contextual significance. Through the transformative power of digital humanities, this project embraces interdisciplinary approaches to effectively fill the gaps left by historical damage and the passage of time. Employing advanced digital methodologies, the project meticulously recreates and analyses the interactions between space, objects, and ritual practices, thereby dramatically enhancing our understanding of the region's rich artistic and cultural heritage. Significantly, hermeneutic and heuristic issues arise in creating digital models that aim to fill in gaps. Two case studies pertaining to the Monreale Cathedral and the Abbey Church of Montecassino exhibit both the potential and the limits of digital approaches.
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    A Knowledge Graph for Andean Ritual Heritage: Structuring the Chunchada Dance in Honor of the Virgin of Rosario (Paucartambo, Peru)
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Meza, Dina Cornejo; Zúñiga, Javier Vera; Cuadros, Carmen Gutiérrez; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    We present a knowledge graph to document the Chunchada-a women-led ritual dance in honor of the Virgin of Rosario in Paucartambo, Peru. Using oral testimonies, archival data, and AI-based extraction, we reveal ritual relations through graph analysis and community curation. The project exemplifies a hybrid approach to intangible heritage preservation, combining graph mining and community-driven data curation to facilitate both academic insight and public engagement.
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    Corpus-Based SKOS Development for Underrepresented and Endangered Ukrainian Epigraphic Heritage
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Tamrazyan, Hamest; Boros, Emanuela; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    This paper presents a corpus-based methodology for developing SKOS vocabularies tailored to Ukrainian epigraphy. Grounded in local academic traditions, the framework focuses on three domains: Inscriptions, Types of Inscriptions, and Execution Techniques. Terms were extracted using NLP tools and analyzed through a form/content/function and material/tool/method model. While the vocabulary is still in development, the classification framework is complete. It reflects regional epistemologies while ensuring interoperability with FAIR and EAGLE ontologies. This project contributes to digital heritage practices by promoting culturally sensitive, scalable classification of inscriptions from conflict-affected or historically marginalized contexts.
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    Digital Heritage 2025: Frontmatter
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
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    Textile Photography with Pixel Shift Multi Shooting for Merdeka Textile Museum Archival Project
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Santano, Delas; Zainuddin, Maslisa; James, Melissa Ann Marie; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    For the purposes of this paper, we will be discussing and presenting workflow related to the textile digitization processes for the upcoming Merdeka Textile Museum (MTM), Malaysia. This collection of textiles is part of the personal collection of the late Sharifah Azah Syed Mohammad Alsagoff or fondly known as Azah Aziz who is renowned for championing knowledge of Malay textiles and costumes. These textiles date back to the 1900s and continue into the 2000s, some of which are fragile and decaying due to age and natural conditions. All textiles gathered are of those associated with the Malay world, which employ a variety of production methods such as weaving, embroidery and printing on cotton, silk and other materials in their creation. Taking into consideration the fragility and intricacy of these textiles, parts of the digitization process are impacted because they present a variety of challenges, for instance, the reflective nature of the golden yarn under direct light source. Our paper presentation will cover the workflow, beginning with the handling of the textiles and continuing through to the lighting and camera setup. We will discuss the technical decisions that we made to use the Sony camera for the Pixel Shift Multi Shooting techniques. In addition, the paper will also discuss the post-processing works that were performed on the files that were generated in order to get them ready for archiving, both online and offline as part of the digital heritage preservation causes in collaboration with MTM. The museum, which is a project of the subsidiary of Permodalan Nasional Bhd (PNB) known as PNB Merdeka Ventures Sdn. Bhd. will house 240 pieces of textiles and costumes, along with 69 pieces of jewelry that belonged to Azah Aziz. Through this collection as well as references to traditional Malay literature, the MTM will offer a distinctive curatorial perspective on textiles from around the world that are of Malay origin for public knowledge and consumption as part of its efforts to promote and preserve Malay culture and heritage.
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    Survey and Digital Representation of the Statue of San Carlo Borromeo in Arona to Support Conservation Activities
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Oreni, Daniela; Barazzetti, Luigi; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    The project aims to create a digital model that supports diagnostic, conservation, restoration, consolidation, and maintenance activities related to the Colossus of San Carlo Borromeo. The first phase focused on the accurate digital documentation of the Colossus's exterior surfaces using digital photogrammetry and laser scanning technology. A subsequent phase-currently in progress-is dedicated to the survey and digital representation of the complex internal and external metal structure that supports the riveted copper plates.
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    Low-Cost Digital Organization, Digitization and Valorization of Small Archives: The Jewish Archive of Pisa
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) D'Errico, Andrea; Diana, Francesca Valentina; Giovanna, Silvia Di; Duca, Angelica Lo; Marchetti, Andrea; Moretti, Manuela; Toniazzi, Mafalda; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    The Historical Archive of the Jewish Community in Pisa holds an underrepresented documentary heritage comprising several documents spanning centuries. Due to limited resources, this lesser-known heritage's digital organization, preservation, and valorization posed significant challenges. This paper presents a low-cost, sustainable strategy for digital organization and the preservation, documentation, and dissemination of this cultural asset. The project began with recovering and converting an obsolete digital inventory into an open, standard CSV format, enabling more effective data management and visualization. Selected portions of the archive, particularly the most frequently consulted and fragile documents, were digitized using cost-effective techniques, including cameras and A3 and A4 scanners. Some records were transcribed and partially analyzed using generative AI tools and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. A dedicated website based on WordPress, integrated with a secure server infrastructure, was developed to provide online access to the digital collections and their metadata. This case study shows how low-cost digital technologies can facilitate the preservation and valorization of small archives, ensuring long-term accessibility while mitigating risks of physical degradation.
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    Novel Documentation and Identification Methods for Combating Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Goods - ENIGMA Pilot Case Studies
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Georgiadis, Charalampos; Mols, Nick M. L.; Vastenhoud, Chris; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    The EU-funded ENIGMA project develops innovative methods and tools to enhance cultural heritage safeguarding, protection, and provenance management, specifically targeting the illicit trafficking of cultural goods. This paper presents two initial pilot case studies that evaluate and validate the project's developments. Pilot Case 1 focuses on novel documentation of museum items using the Unique Authenticity Identifier to improve traceability. Pilot Case 2 investigates the identification and tracking of unregistered cultural goods by employing advanced technologies and AI to uncover connections with known inventoried objects. The pilots scrutinize operational scenarios, user profiles, and initial object selection consisting of figurines from the Royal Museums of Art and History (KMKG). Preliminary findings suggest ENIGMA tools demonstrate their potential as a prototype solution, with resilient and adaptable workflows for various user groups. Future work includes integrating the complete tool suite into the ENIGMA Decision Support Platform and implementing further pilot cases.
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    Epigraphy in Motion: Deciphering Armenia's Tapanakar Inscriptions via Mobile LiDAR
    (The Eurographics Association, 2025) Shord, Zachary; Roy, Marley; Grigoryan, Zara; Yeghiazaryan, Anahit; Baghdasaryan, Satenik; Campana, Stefano; Ferdani, Daniele; Graf, Holger; Guidi, Gabriele; Hegarty, Zackary; Pescarin, Sofia; Remondino, Fabio
    The vibrant and largely untold histories of ancient Armenian ancestors, as depicted in tapanakars found across Armenian cemeteries, face the threat of erasure. This research initiative is dedicated to the documentation and preservation of these important cultural narratives by harnessing modern mobile technology, specifically employing photogrammetry and LiDAR capabilities available in current iPhone models. This technological application facilitated the acquisition of 54 new scans from various regions in Armenia, each rigorously analyzed and supplemented with detailed descriptions to provide insights into their historical and cultural context. In collaboration with experts in symbolism and iconography, this study undertook a comprehensive interpretive analysis of the carvings on these monuments. These efforts culminated in creating a robust database that not only archives visual and textual information but also serves as an invaluable tool for scholars and archaeologists engaged in research and preservation activities. Furthermore, the integration of photogrammetry and LiDAR in smartphone technology establishes a versatile and accessible approach to data collection, making these tools especially suitable for fieldwork under diverse conditions. This advanced database also provides a foundation for the development of artificial intelligence models aimed at reconstructing fragmented or incomplete monuments virtually. By leveraging these technologies, we aim to restore, preserve, and animate the forgotten stories embodied in the tapanakars, ensuring their continued relevance and accessibility for future generations.