Issue 3

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https://diglib.eg.org/handle/10.2312/50

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Rendering NURB Regions For 2D Animation
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Willis, Philip; Oddy, Robert
We describe an accurate method of rendering by scan-conversion of closed regions bounded by NURBs, with particular comments on its application to computer-based 2D animation. It is shown that the method is fast, analytically accurate, and can be readily extended to include anti-aliasing and clipping.
Realistic Generation and Real Time Animation of Images of the Human Colon
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Haritsis, Angelo; Gillies, Duncan; Williams, Christopher
A simulator has been built to teach doctors the skill of handling a flexible endoscope for gastrointestinal investigations. Trainees use a dummy endoscope in which the control actions are transduced into voltages and sensed by the computer. The simulator computes the position and viewing direction of the endoscope within an internal model of the human colon. Then a renderer draws the view, reproducing as far as possible what would be seen during a real colonoscopy. Since the system must generate at least ten frames per second for realistic animation, standard rendering techniques, such as ray tracing, could not be used. Consequently a new method was devised, based on identifying coherent regions along each scan line which can be rendered by table lookup. The method allows shaded Lambertian surfaces to be drawn at a frame rate of 15 per second, using modest computing resources. Although several approximations were required in the analysis, the computer images of the internal surfaces of the human colon present a high degree of visual realism.
Composing Hierarchically Structured Images
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Patterson, John W.; Cockton, Gilbert
This paper begins by examining the classical raster-based composition model, establishing its weakness, and developing a new composition algebra based on line drawing. It then examines the role of composition in the Hierarchical Display Model, demonstrates that the forms of composition assumed in this model are inadequate to deal correctly with the interactions of two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional objects, and shows that our composition algebra resolves this difficulty. The composition steps required can be packaged with the use of a single attribute which constrains the apparent order of composition. This attribute is associated with the object which is to be taken out of order , obviating any needsfor layers.
A Simple Description of Complex Curves
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Bouras, A.; Shariat, B.; Vandorpe, D.
In this paper, we propose a method of complex curves description, based on the use of standard primitives (curve arcs), inscribed in including boxes. This method simplifies the creation steps (curves are not defined with the help of control points), and the manipulation steps (using including boxes).This study constitutes an extension to our descriptive universal language, named"G", which is used in a general desig n environment, permitting the integration of various models (solids1, polyhedrons2, surfaces3 and fractals), in order to offer the adequate tools adapted to the problems to be solved, in a unique modeller.
A CAD System for Color Design of a Car
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Oshima, Tetsuya; Yuasa, Shinji; Sakanoshita, Ken-ichi; Ogata, Yoshinori
We have developed a color CAD system which enables a color designer to evaluate and create body colors of a car on a graphic display and put this system into practical use. The system has three features- generating realistic images comparable to photography to satisfy the car designer s needs, through close analysis of the physical phenomena taking place in the real environment, reproducing the desired colors very accurately on a CRT monitor, through analysis of the CRT colorimetric characteristics of reproducing the specified colors in response to the input signals, and utilizing a parallel computer to generate realistic images at a high speed and to control colors through interactive operation. Application of the CAD system reported here to the field of color design made it possible to fully evaluate and create body colors by means of computer graphics, replacing the conventional method which requires the painting of clay models or prototype cars.
Affine Texture Mapping and Antialiasing Using Integer Arithmetic
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Nehlig, P.; Ghazanfarpour, D.
Texture mapping techniques are very useful for generating more realistic images. However, texture compression, generally induced by geometric transformations, is at the origin of aliasing artifacts especially the well-known"moire" patterns. Two discrete affine texture mapping methods based exclusively on integer arithmetic are presented here. This original approach of discrete affine mapping is adequate for antialiasing in the case of compressed textures.
The Input Model of Standard Graphics Systems Revisited by Formal Specification
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Faconti, Giorgio P.; Zani, Nicola; Paterno , Fabio
This paper describes the specification of an input model for graphics systems. The initial aim of the work reported in this paper was to revise the input model adopted by graphics standards by means of formal specification techniques in order to acquire a deep knowledge of its capabilities, to eventually discover errors and to develop improvements. Taking into account similar works done in this area by others and considering a number of major issues related to input recently discussed within the graphics community, a new model is being proposed that addresses the very key concepts of parallelism, extensibility and reconfigurability. The model is based upon composition operations defined over basic components specified as a set of concurrent processes. Composition operations and process definitions have been formally specified by using the LOTOS notation and investigated by means of the LOTOS Interactive Tools Environment. In the first part of the paper, the input model of graphics standards is shortly examined in the light of the results so far achieved by related works on formal specification of computer graphics systems. Subsequently, an improved model is presented. Finally, its capability of simulating the traditional operating modes of logical input devices and a methodology for defining new operating modes is demonstrated.
A line clipping algorithm and its analysis
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Krammer, Gergely
One of the classical problems of Computer Graphics: line clipping against a rectangle is revisited. Coordinate raster refinement and some unusual forms of the parametric equation of the line are used to develop formulae for a line clipping algorithm. The algorithm is first presented in a form, where clarity of presentation is the prime concern. It is then transformed into one big nested branch, which after optimisation is assumed to be the most efficient form with a heavy cost on size. It is assumed that any mathematical consideration of the clipping problem would after a similar optimisation lead to a branching structure of equal complexity and speed. Line clipping thus belongs to the class of problems for which after a proper mathematical and logical analysis automatic program transformations may do the rest.This work has been supported by a grant from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Project No. OTKA 2572/1991
Stochastic Motion-Motion Under the Influence of Wind
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Shinya, Mikio; Fournier, Alain
Stochastic approaches are very effective for modelling natural phenomena. This paper presents a motion model based on a stochastic process as well as physics, and proposes motion synthesis techniques for stochastic motion-motion under the influence of wind.The motion synthesis process is modelled by a cascade system of three components: wind model, dynamic model, and deformation model. Wind models produce spatio-temporal wind velocity fields using the power spectrum and auto-correlation of wind, just like fractal geometry. Dynamic models describe the dynamic response of the systems, using equation systems or response functions. Deformation models produce deformed shapes of objects according to the geometric models of the objects and the results of the dynamic systems.The biggest advantage of the model is its generality and consistency. The model is applicable to most of the existing trees and grass models, including structural models, particle systems, impressionist models, and 3D texture. It is demonstrated that the coupling of stochastic approaches and physically-based approaches can synthesize realistic motion of trees, grass and snow with modest computational cost.
Two-manifold cell-decomposition of r-sets.
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Falcidieno, Bianca; Ratto, Ornella
This paper discusses the relationships studied between manifold solids and r-sets by defining an r-set as a decomposition in two-manifold cells. This decomposition is represented as a graph (Two-manifold Cell Decomposition graph TCD) in which each node corresponds to a 2 manifold component of the regular set, while each arc or hyperarc defines a non-manifold adjacency between components. The TCD model and data structure encoding it were designed in order to be compatible with a traditional boundary architecture.
The Graphical Translation of English Text into Signed English in the Hand Sign Translator System
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Holden, E.J.; Roy, G.G.
Signed English is a manual interpretation of English using fingerspelling and signs. A prototype of the Hand Sign Translator (HST) system was developed to graphically translate English into Signed English, using two-handed animation. The HST consists of a practical interface that aims to help users learn Signed English, and the translation process where English text is transformed into a series of images that represent corresponding signs. This paper describes the translation process which involves two stages- the input environment and the animation process. The input environment consists of text analysis in order to extract corresponding kinematic data from the database, named English-Sign Dictionary (ESD). The data is then used as an input to the animation process, Firstly, the skeleton models of keyframe images and their in-between poses are calculated. Secondly, appropriate volume models are applied in order to surround the surface of skin. Then the shapes that are suitable for painting are generated, and finally images are drawn and rendered using a smooth animation technique.
A Run-Length Slice Line Drawing Algorithm without Division Operations
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Fung, Khun Yee; Nicholl, Tina M.; Dewdney, A. K.
Equidistant Smoothing of Polyhedra with Arbitrary Topologies
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Ma, Lizhuang; Liang, Youdong; Peng, Qunsheng
Smoothing of polyhedron with arbitrary topology is an important issue in CAGD and CAD/CAM, but so far it is deemed to be difficult to smooth the complex corners of a polyhedron. In this paper, the concept of distance surfaces of a surface and a solid is introduced, and the incisive properties of such surfaces are addressed which provide a theoretical foundation for modifying a general corner. The method is based on making constricted volume and the maximum distance the volume can be constricted is given too. It is shown that by the proposed method in this paper any polyhedron can be G1 smoothed with quadraic and, sometimes toroidal surfaces. The new approach is suitable for engineering design and NC machining. The associated algorithm based on the classification theorem of corners is simple, fast and robust.
An Open Model for Hypermedia and Its Application to Geographical Information Systems
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Hall, W.; Simmons, D.
This paper describes the design and implementation of a multimedia information management environment that is based on an open model for hypermedia. The model, known as Microcosm, is currently implemented in Microsoft Windows and supports many different media types. The open nature of the model and the separation of the links from the data, allows links to be applied across any application running under Windows or the OS/2 version 2 desktop, thus creating a truly integrated environment. One example, which is, discussed in the paper, is the integration of a hypermedia database with a geographical information system. The paper also discusses the application of novel interfaces to dynamic media within a hypermedia system, including the use of moving icons (micons).
Area Sampling Buffer: Tracing Rays with Z-Buffer Hardware
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Sung, Kelvin
An algorithm that allows the use of z-buffer hardware in assisting area sampling for a ray tracing style renderer is described. The implementation issues involved in discretizing the sampling area and light source area are discussed and solutions are proposed. The effects of the hardware-assisted ray tracing approach on frame-buffer systems and image synthesis processes are considered.
Modeling with Time and Events in Computer Animation
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Kalra, Devendra; Barr, Alan H.
In this paper, we present a general, systematic and consistent treatment of time and events for computer animation. We first formalize the concepts of events and create a time primitive called an event unit. We then present a succession of organization schemes to compose event units for generating complex motion sequences. We present a directed graph representation for the organization of time and events that suggests the form of an event-based time programming language. Details of implementation of a general event simulation system are given. Our approach provides a clean partitioning for the problem of motion design, a hierarchical scheme to compose motion behaviors from time primitives and a programming model for organizing animation. Traditional methods of kinematic controls and key frame interpolation are special cases of our general scheme. In addition, our treatment of events can be combined with kinematics, dynamics or constraint-based systems to generate powerful motion modeling systems.
Interactive Shape Control of Interpolating B-splines
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Krokos, M. A.; Slater, M.
This paper presents a new methodfor providing interactive shape control of interpolating B-splines. The CAD designer can directly interact with geometric entities defined on the B-spline at any interpolated data point- shape adjustments can be performed either globally or locally. Our approach is based on B?-splines of order k (?,k ?1), i.e. ?-reparametrized, classical B-splines. The method presented can be easily generalised to surfaces defined either as tensor products or by using the skinning technique- interactive shape control can be provided in both surface parametric directions.
Radiosity in Flatland
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Heckhert, Paul S.
The radiosity method for the simulation of interreflection of light between diffuse surfaces is such a common image synthesis technique that its derivation is worthy of study. We here examine the radiosity method in a two dimensional, flatland world. It is shown that the radiosity method is a simple finite element method for the solution of the integral equation governing global illumination. These two-dimensional studies help explain the radiosity method in general and suggest a number of improvements to existing algorithms. In particular, radiosity solutions can be improved using a priori discontinuity meshing, placing mesh boundaries on discontinuities such as shadow edges. When discontinuity meshing is used along with piecewise-linear approximations instead of the current piecewise-constant approximations, the accuracy of radiosity simulations can be greatly increased.
Simulation of Facial Muscle Actions Based on Rational Free Form Deformations
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Kalra, Prem; Mangili, Angelo; Thalmann, Nadia Magnenat; Thalmann, Daniel
This paper describes interactive facilities for simulating abstract muscle actions using Rational Free Form Deformations (RFFD). The particular muscle action is simulated as the displacement of the control points of the control-unit for an RFFD defined on a region of interest. One or several simulated muscle actions constitute a Minimum Perceptible Action (MPA), which is defined as the atomic action unit, similar to Action Unit (AU) of the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), to build an expression.
Template-Based Volume Viewing
(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1992) Yagel, Roni; Kaufman, Arie
We present an efficient three-phase algorithm for volume viewing that is based on exploiting coherency between rays in parallel projection. The algorithm starts by building a ray-template and determining a special plane for projection - the base-plane. Parallel rays are cast into the volume from within the projected region of the volume on the base-plane, by repeating the sequence of steps specified in the ray-template. We carefully choose the type of line to be employed and the way the template is being placed on the base-plane in order to assure uniform sampling of the volume by the discrete rays. We conclude by describing an optimized software implementation of our algorithm and reporting its performance.

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